| Feature | eSIM | Physical SIM |
|---|---|---|
| Installation | Built into device | Manually inserted |
| Activation | QR code or manual code | Insert card & turn on |
| Switching carriers | Instant via software | Physically swap card |
| Travel abroad | Pre-install before departure | Buy new SIM on arrival |
| Multiple carriers | Store many profiles | One carrier per card |
| Risk of damage/loss | Very low | Higher (can bend, oxidize, get lost) |
| Device compatibility | Newer devices only | Almost all devices |

